Bakımveren–Ergen Ortak Rekreasyonu ve Ergen İyi Oluşu: Motivasyon, Zihniyet ve Ebeveynlik Tarzının Düzenleyici Rolleri
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61518/ijpw-151Anahtar Kelimeler:
Genç İyi Oluşu, Rekreasyonel Katılım, Bağlanma, Motivasyon,, Ebeveynlik StiliÖzet
Ergenlik, yetişkinliğe uzanan iyi oluş örüntülerinin şekillendiği kritik bir gelişim dönemini temsil eder. Rekreasyonel katılım gençlerin gelişimini desteklese de, bakım verenlerin bu süreçteki rolünün sonuçları nasıl etkilediği yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışma, bakım veren–ergen rekreasyonel katılımı ile ergen iyi oluşu arasındaki ilişkinin kişisel ve ilişkisel faktörler tarafından düzenlenip düzenlenmediğini incelemiştir. Beş Batılı ülkede 14–18 yaş aralığında 398 ergenle (216 erkek, 182 kız) yürütülen kesitsel bir anket çalışmasında psikolojik sıkıntı, bağlanma güvenliği, motivasyon, hedef yönelimi, zihniyet ve algılanan ebeveynlik tarzı değerlendirilmiştir. Bağlanma kuramı, öz-belirleme kuramı ve öz-genişleme kuramına dayanarak motivasyonel, bilişsel ve ebeveynlikle ilişkili düzenleyiciler kapsamında 56 moderasyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çoklu testlerden kaynaklanan artmış Tip I hata olasılığını kontrol etmek amacıyla tüm etkileşim terimlerine Benjamini–Hochberg yanlış keşif oranı düzeltmesi uygulanmıştır. Düzeltme sonrasında dört etkileşim etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kalmıştır. Dışsal düzenleme, rekreasyonel katılım ile psikolojik sıkıntı arasındaki ilişkide tutarlı bir düzenleyici olarak ortaya çıkmış; bakım veren katılımı, etkinliğe dışsal baskı nedeniyle katılan gençlerde daha yüksek depresyon, kaygı ve stres düzeyleriyle ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, otoritatif ebeveynlik rekreasyonel katılım ile bağlanma arasındaki ilişkiyi düzenlemiş; daha özerklik destekleyici ebeveynlik bağlamlarında daha güçlü bağlanma gözlenmiştir. Düzeltme sonrasında anlamlılığını korumayan diğer nominal etkileşim etkileri keşfedici nitelikte değerlendirilmelidir. Genel olarak bulgular, bakım veren–ergen rekreasyonunun bağlama duyarlı bir süreç olduğunu ve motivasyonel ile ilişkisel niteliğin ergen iyi oluşuyla olan mütevazı bağlantıları şekillendirdiğini göstermektedir.
Referanslar
Adachi, P. J., & Willoughby, T. (2014). It’s not how much you play, but how much you enjoy the game: The longitudinal associations between adolescents’ self-esteem and the frequency versus enjoyment of involvement in sports. Journal of Youth & Adolescents, 43(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9988-3
APA. (2018). APA Resolution on support for the expansion of mature minors’ ability to participate in research. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-minors-research.pdf
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
Aron, A., Lewandowski, G. W. Jr., Mashek, D., & Aron, E. N. (2013). The self-expansion model of motivation and cognition in close relationships. In J. A. Simpson & L. Campbell (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of close relationships (pp. 90–115). Oxford University Press.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1.2), 1–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
Boone, E. M., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2006). Game on: Diminishing risks for depressive symptoms in early adolescence through positive involvement in team sports. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00122.x
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
Chan, T. W., & Koo, A. (2011). Parenting style and youth outcomes in the UK. European Sociological Review, 27(3), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq013
Copeland, W.E., Alaie, I., Jonsoon, U., & Shanahan, L. (2021). Associations of childhood and adolescent depression with adult psychiatric and functional outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(5); 604-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.895
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. Springer Science & Business Media.
Diviak, K.R., Curry, S.J., Emery, S.L. & Mermelstein, R.J. (2004). Human participants challenges in youth tobacco cessation research: Researchers’ perspectives. Ethics & Behavior, 14(4); 321-334. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1404_4
Duda, J. L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11(3), 318–335.
Duffy, B., Smith, K., Terhanian, G., & Bremer, J. (2005). Comparing data from online and face-to-face-surveys. International Journal of Market Research, 47(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530504700602
Dweck, C.S. (2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality and development. Psychology Press.
Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
Fousiani, K., Van Petegem, S., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Chen, B. (2013). Does parental autonomy support relate to adolescent autonomy? An in-depth examination of a seemingly simple question. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(3), 299-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558413502536
Gass, M., Gillis, H.L., & Russell, K. (2012). Adventure therapy: Theory, practice, & research. Routledge Press.
Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children's self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.2.143
Guay, F., Denault, A.-S., & Renauld, S. (2017). School attachment and relatedness with parents, friends and teachers as predictors of students’ intrinsic and identified regulation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 51, 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.10.001
Hoag, M. J., Massey, K. E., & Roberts, S. D. (2014). Dissecting the wilderness therapy client: Examining clinical trends, findings, and patterns. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(4), 382–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825914540837
Keyes, C.L.M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2); 207-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197.
Kumpfer, K. L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 457–465. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.457
Lerner, R.M., Lerner, J.V., Geldhof, G.J., Gestsdóttir, S., King, P.M., Sim, A.T.R., Betanova, M., Tirrell, J., & Dowling, E. (2018). Studying positive youth development in different nations: Theoretical and methodological issues. In J.E. Lansford & P. Banati (Eds). Handbook of adolescent development research and its impact on global policy (pp. 68-84). Oxford University Press.
Liu, C., Cox, R.B., Washburn, I.J., Croff, J.M., & Crethar, H.C. (2017). The effects of requiring parental consent for research on adolescents’ risk behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(1), 45-52.
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Psychology Foundation.
Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.191
McMahon, E. M., Corcoran, P., O’Regan, G., Keeley, H., Cannon, M., Carli, W., Wasserman, C., Hadlaczky, G., Sarchiapone, M., Apter, A., Balazs, J., Balint, M., Bobes, J., Brunner, R., Cozman, D., Haring, C., Iosue, M., Kaess, M., Kahn, J. P., … Wasserman, D. (2017). Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression, and well-being. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(1), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0875-9
Miller, K. E., & Hoffman, J. H. (2009). Mental well-being and sport-related identities in college students. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(2), 335–356. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.2.335
Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328
Pedersen, M. T., Vorup, J., Nistrup, A., Wikeman, J. M., Alstrom, J. M., Melcher, P. S., Pfister, G. U., & Bangsbo, J. (2017). Effect of team sports and resistance training on physical functioning, quality of life, and motivation in older adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 27(8), 852–864. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12823
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire. In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G. W. Holden (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques: Vol. 3. Instruments & index (pp. 319–321). Sage.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R.,M. & Deci, E.L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52; 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annualrev.psyc.52.1.141
Santelli, J.S., Rogers, A.S., Rosenfeld, W.D., & DuRant, R.H. (2003). Guidelines for adolescent health research: A position paper of the society for adolescent medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33(5), 396-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.06.009
Schneider, M.L., Kwan, BM. (2013). Psychological need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and affective response to exercise in adolescents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 776-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.995.
Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Greary, K. A., Erchull, M.J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557.
Seligman, M.E.P. (2011). Flourish: a visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
Smetana, J. G. (2011). Adolescents, families, and social development: How teens construct their worlds. Wiley Blackwell.
Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent–adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00001
Steinberg, L., & Silk, J. S. (2002). Parenting adolescents. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (2nd ed., pp. 103–133). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Tigges, B.B. (2003). Parental consent and adolescent risk behaviour research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(3), 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00283.x
Tourangeau, R. (2013). Measurement properties of web surveys. Beyond traditional survey taking: Adapting to a changing world. Proc Stat Canada Symp; Gatineau, Quèbec, Canada. Statistics Canada. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/sites/default/files/media/14254-eng.pdf
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2007). Appendix A: Recommendations relative to research involving children. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-45/subtitle-A/subchapter-A/part-46/subpart-D/section-46.408
Weithorn, L. A., & Campbell, S. B. (1982). The competency of children and adolescents to make informed treatment decisions. Child Development, 53(6), 1589-1598. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130087
World Health Organization (2021). Adolescent mental health. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health.
Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets that promote resilience: When students believe that personal characteristics can be developed. Educational Psychologist, 47(4), 302–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2012.722805
Zarrett, N., Fay, K., Li, Y., Carrano, J., Phelps, E., & Lerner, R.M. (2009). More than child’s play: variable-and pattern-centered approaches for examining effects of sports participation on youth development. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 368-382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014577
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2026 Nadia Zarkesh

Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
